Armenian Literature: Comprising Poetry, Drama, Folk-lore and Classic Traditions; Translated into English for the First Time — Story, Setting & Ideas

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Arnot, Robert, 1860- [Translator], Sundukyan, Gabriel, 1825-1912 [Contributor], Collins, F. B. (Florence Belle), 1867-1921 [Translator] Project Gutenberg 2004 Not confirmed
Armenian literature -- Translations into English; Armenian literature Readers of public-domain and historical texts
Project Gutenberg digital edition en

Edition facts

Words 51,665
Reading time 225 min
Text sections 12

The catalog record for Armenian Literature: Comprising Poetry, Drama, Folk-lore and Classic Traditions; Translated into English for the First Time — Story, Setting & Ideas provides practical reading context through 51,665 words, 3 hr 45 min estimated reading time, and 12 detected text sections.

The text analysis averages about 12.2 words per sentence, while the detected sections provide another way to judge how the source is divided.

Project Gutenberg metadata also associates the work with “Armenian literature -- Translations into English,” connecting these edition facts with the source record’s subject description.

This editorial note examines how the opening, middle, and later excerpts of this 1904 anthology guide a first reading, focusing on the tension between ecclesiastical preservation and folk vitality, the episodic structure of the David of Sassoun excerpt, and the abrupt shift to legalistic prose.
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Read the Text

Christianity was preached there in the first century after Christ, by the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew, and that the Armenian Church is the oldest national Christian Church in the world.

It is no doubt owing to the conversion of the entire Armenian nation under the passionate preaching of Gregory the Illuminator that most of the literary products, of primitive Armenia--the mythological legends and chants of heroic deeds sung by bards--are lost. The Church would have none of them. Gregory not only destroyed the pagan temples, but he sought to stamp out the pagan literature--the poetry and recorded traditions that celebrated the deeds of gods and goddesses and of national heroes. He would have succeeded, too, had not the romantic spirit of the race clung fondly to their ballads and folk-lore. Ecclesiastical historiographers in referring to those times say quaintly enough, meaning to censure the people, that in spite of their great religious advantages the Armenians persisted in singing some of their heathen ballads as late as the twelfth century. Curiously enough, we owe the fragments we possess of early Armenian poetry to these same ecclesiastical critics. These fragments suggest a popular poesy, stirring and full of powerful imagery, employed mostly in celebrating royal marriages, religious feasts, and containing dirges for the dead, and ballads of customs--not a wide field, but one invaluable to the philologist and to ethnological students.

The Christian chroniclers and critics, however, while preserving but little of the verse of early Armenia, have handed down to us many legends and traditions, though they relate them, unfortunately, with much carelessness and with a contempt for detail that is often exasperating to one seeking for instructive parallelisms between the heroic legends of different nations. Evidently the only object of the ecclesiastical chroniclers in preserving these legends was to invest their descriptions of the times with a local color. Even Moses of Chorene, who by royal command collected many of these legends, and in his sympathetic treatment of them evinces poetic genius and keen literary appreciation, fails to realize the importance of his task. After speaking of the old Armenian kings with enthusiasm, and even condoning their paganism for the sake of their virility, he leaves his collection in the utmost disorder and positively without a note or comment. In the face of such difficulties, therefore, it has been hard to present specimens of early Armenian folk-lore and legends that shall give the reader a rightful idea of the race and the time.

As Armenia was the highroad between Asia and Europe, these old stories and folk-plays show the influence of migrating and invading people. The mythology of the Chaldeans and Persians mingles oddly with traditions purely Armenian. This is well shown in the story of David of Sassun, given in this volume. David was the local hero of the place where Moses of Chorene was born and probably spent his declining years, after years of literary labor and study in Athens and Alexandria. The name of the district was Mush, and close by the monastery in which Moses was buried lies the village of Sassun.

David's history is rich in personal incident, and recalls to the reader the tales related of the Persian Izdubar, the Chaldeo-Babylonian Nimrod, and the Greek Heracles. He is as much the hero of the tale as is Joseph Andrews in Fielding's classic of that name. His marvellous strength is used as handily for a jest as for some prodigious victory over man or monster. He is drawn for us as a bold, reckless fellow, with a rollicking sense of humor, which, in truth, sits but awkwardly upon the intense devotion to the Cross and its demands with which Moses or some later redactor has seen fit to burden this purely pagan hero. David is very human in spite of his blood-stained club and combative instincts, and his kindliness and bonhomie awake in us a passing disappointment at his untimely demise.

The special introduction by translator Robert Arnot immediately establishes a central tension: early Armenian literature is "meagre in quantity and to a large extent ecclesiastical in tone," yet its "oriental color" survives in folk traditions. Arnot credits the very ecclesiastical critics who censured heathen ballads for preserving fragments of popular poetry—a paradox that frames the anthology as a salvage operation. The reader is warned that pagan myths and heroic chants were largely lost after Gregory the Illuminator destroyed temples and suppressed non-Christian texts. This historical framing primes the reader to value the folkloric selections as rare survivals.

The Introduction as a Lens

Arnot’s introduction does more than summarize; it shapes expectations. He notes that the Christian chroniclers, including Moses of Chorene, preserved legends only to add local color to ecclesiastical histories, treating them with "contempt for detail." This admission alerts the reader that the following texts may feel fragmentary or loosely contextualized. The introduction also highlights the persistence of "heathen ballads" into the twelfth century, suggesting a resilient oral tradition beneath official religious culture. For a first reading, this framing encourages attention to what survives despite suppression—the dirges, marriage songs, and customs that Arnot calls "invaluable to the philologist." The reader should expect gaps and abrupt transitions, as the anthology pieces together what the Church deemed worth keeping.

The David of Sassoun Excerpt: Epic in Miniature

The excerpt from the David of Sassoun cycle displays a distinctive episodic structure. The narrative moves swiftly from Chandud-Chanum’s warning to David’s combat with the giants Hamsa of Lori and Schibikan of Chorassan, whose physical traits are exaggerated: eyebrows so long they are fastened across the back, an underlip that sweeps the ground. The fight is described in terse, action-driven sentences: "David and the giants began to hack and hew each other." The episode includes a recognition scene when David discovers his disguised opponent is Chandud-Chanum herself, leading to a marriage compact. The story then jumps forward nine months to the birth of a son, with David testing the child’s strength. This compressed, episodic style—common in oral epic—means the reader must infer character motives and backstory from brief dialogue and ritualized actions, such as the repeated kiss and the demand for giants’ heads.

The Abrupt Shift to Legal and Administrative Prose

After the folkloric excerpt, the text transitions without warning to the Project Gutenberg license and legal disclaimers. This shift is not part of the original anthology but a digital wrapper. However, it mirrors a pattern within the book: the introduction’s ecclesiastical tone gives way to folk narrative, then to other genres. The reader should be aware that the anthology likely contains similar juxtapositions—poetry, drama, and folklore placed side by side with minimal editorial bridging. The legal section, with its precise language about tax exemptions and donation addresses, contrasts sharply with the epic’s hyperbolic imagery. This juxtaposition underscores the anthology’s dual identity as both a scholarly collection and a cultural artifact repurposed for modern distribution.

Reading Across the Genres

The excerpts hint at the anthology’s range: from the introduction’s historical analysis to the David of Sassoun’s folk epic, and presumably to drama and poetry not shown here. The catalog subjects include "drama-theatre" and "fantasy-folklore," suggesting multiple modes of storytelling. For a first reading, it is useful to note how the David excerpt relies on formulaic elements—the birthmark as identifier, the seven-day feast, the testing of the child—that recur in folk literature. The introduction’s mention of "dirges for the dead" and "ballads of customs" prepares the reader for other traditional forms. The anthology’s structure may feel disjointed, but each section offers a distinct window into Armenian literary culture, from ecclesiastical chronicle to oral epic to staged drama.

This anthology rewards a reader who approaches each section on its own terms, accepting abrupt transitions and incomplete contexts. The introduction provides a crucial key: the literature is a remnant shaped by loss and selective preservation. The David of Sassoun excerpt exemplifies the vigorous, episodic style that survived ecclesiastical censorship. Readers should watch for recurring motifs—hospitality, combat, marriage negotiations—that bind the diverse selections. The book is best read not as a continuous narrative but as a mosaic of voices, each requiring patience and attention to its specific cultural logic.

The rain slid down the window as I lingered over the old anthology, caught between cathedral chants and a folk hero’s ragged breath. Then, unexpectedly, the legalistic closing chapters cooled the warmth—scrolls of property and power where passion once lived. That chill steered me toward politics, toward The Communist Manifesto — Context and Discussion, a different kind of inheritance.

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